Unveiling the Enigmatic Relationship Between Roman and Greek Mythology: The Unknown Origins of Mars and Aries

koadofthecrossroad
Mar 9
3 min read

The worlds of Roman and Greek mythology are often seen as reflections of each other, yet the differences between them highlight unique cultural identities. One of the starkest contrasts lies in their gods of war: Mars, a figure of honor for the Romans, and Ares, often despised by the Greeks. This post dives into their origins and the significant roles they played in their respective mythologies.

The Name of March: A Reflection of Martial Culture

March, known as "Martius" in the Roman calendar, honors Mars, the god of war. Historically, this month marked the beginning of military campaigns as the weather improved. For the Romans, mastery in battle was crucial; about 80% of their economy relied on military conquests and agricultural integration. Mars was not merely a destroyer; he symbolized a link between warfare and agrarian life. His month signified renewal, where agriculture and conflict coexisted harmoniously.

The Roots of Roman Deities

Contrary to popular belief, Roman gods are not mere copies of Greek deities. They originated from early Latin tribes in Central Italy. After the Republic conquered Greece in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, Roman deities incorporated Greek traits. For example, Mars transitioned from old Latin gods to embody civic virtues essential to the Roman Republic, including discipline, fortitude, and honor—qualities seen as vital for societal strength.

The Complexity of Mars: God of War and Agrarian Roots

Mars's evolution is fascinating. Originally known as Marspiter, meaning "father Mars," his name reflects ideas of generative power. This duality showcases him as both a god of war and agriculture. He was revered as Mars Gradivus, emphasizing growth, and Mars Silvanus, who watched over cattle herding. The wolf and horse became his sacred symbols, representing his nurturing yet fierce nature.

Interestingly, Mars's mother was Juno, not Jupiter. His origin story is rich with symbolism; it is said he was born from a flower, emphasizing his connection to the earth. After fathering Romulus and Remus, whose mythic founding of Rome is central to the city’s identity, Mars found his place in urban society, leading to a temple built on Palatine Hill in his honor.

Companions of Mars: War and Honor

Mars is often depicted alongside minor deities such as Bellona, the goddess of war, Honos, representing honor, and Virtus, symbolizing courage. These companions illustrate the multifaceted nature of conflict in Roman society. They also encompass darker aspects; for example, Pavor represents terror, and Pallor signifies fear. This complexity reflects a nuanced understanding of war, with Mars embodying both valor and the darker repercussions of battle.

In contrast, Aries, his Greek counterpart, offers a different narrative.

The Nature of Aries: A God of Fear and Conflict

Aries, the Greek god of war, is largely associated with the chaotic elements of battle. The son of Zeus and Hera, Ares is often reviled, portrayed as a figure embodying bloodlust. In Homer’s Iliad, he incites violence and horror; even Athena, the goddess of wisdom, regularly conquers him in battle.

Zeus himself refers to Aries as the "most odious" god, highlighting disdain for the brutality he represents. Notably, Aries's offspring—Deimos (fear) and Phobos (fright)—emphasize the terror linked to his character, while his sister, Eris (strife), completes a lineage rooted in chaos and discord.

The Dichotomy of War: Heroism vs. Destruction

Mars and Aries illustrate two starkly different philosophies about war. Mars was viewed as a guardian of nobility and valor, while Ares represented the horrors and chaos of conflict. This gap can be vividly illustrated through the character of Achilles in the Iliad. His unstoppable rage in battle, partly fueled by Ares's essence, leads to a brutal confrontation with Hector, emphasizing the destructiveness of unchecked anger.

In Rome, bravery and virtues were celebrated in warfare. Conversely, Greek narratives often focused on the tragic futility brought on by conflict.

Reflecting on Their Legacies

The stories of Mars and Ares provide insight into the cultural beliefs of ancient Rome and Greece. Each deity represents the values and fears of their societies, offering a deeper understanding of human experiences such as conflict and honor.

Their legacies continue to resonate today, revealing the dualities of existence—the nurturing and destructive forces that shape our world. Their tales remind us that while war may bring honor, it also brings fear and chaos, urging us to find balance in understanding these ancient yet ever-relevant themes.